Parole chiave: avvocato, penalista, codice di procedura penale 1930, eloquenza forense, oratoria, retorica, corte d'assise, durata delle arringhe, abbandono di difesa FOLDED WINGS: THE MODEL OF A FASCIST LAWYER IN THE 1930 ITALIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE ABSTRACT In the 1925–30 quinquennium Fascist legislation tried to turn the lawyer into an. Codice Penale Commentato e Codice di Procedura Penale Commentato - on line. (Testo coordinato ed aggiornato del Regio Decreto 19 ottobre 1930, n. 1398) Libro primo. Codice Penale 2019 in PDF.
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- This chapter is based on part of my forthcoming dissertation, ‘Confino di polizia: Repression, Deviance, and Everyday Life in Fascist Italy, 1926–43’ (Columbia University). For an introduction and bibliography on confino di polizia, see Paola Carucci, ‘Confino, soggiomo obbligato, intemamento: sviluppo della normativa’, in Constantino Di Sante (ed.), I campi di concentramento in Italia: Dall’internamento alla deportazione, 1940–1945 (Milan: Franco Angeli, 2001).Google Scholar
- Mario Magri, Una vita per la liberta. Diciassette anni di confino politico di un martire delle Fosse ardeatine (Rome: Editore Ludovico Puglielli, 1956), p. 175.Google Scholar
- The scholarship on homosexuality during Fascism consists of several useful but cursory articles on homosexuals persecuted with confino politico, mainly in the province of Catania (Sicily). For an overview and bibliography, see Gianfranco Goretti, ‘II periodo fascista e gli omosessuali: Il confino di polizia’, in Circolo Pink (ed.), Le ragioni di un silenzio: la persecuzione degli omosessuali durante il nazismo e il fascismo (Verona: Ombre Corte, 2002), pp. 64–74. Giovanni Dall’Orto, a pioneer in the field, has published many articles. See his ‘Il paradosso del razzismo fascista verso l’omosessualita’, in Alberto Burgio (ed.), Nel nome della razza: 11 razzismo nella storia d’Italia, 1870–1945 (Bologna: I1 Mulino, 1999), pp. 515–28; and Dall’Orto, ‘La “tolleranza repressiva” dell’omosessualità’, in Arcigay Nazionale (ed.), Omosessuali e stato (Bologna: Centro di Documentazione Il Cassero, 1987), pp. 36–57.Google Scholar
- See MacGregor Knox, ‘Conquest, Foreign and Domestic, in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany’, Journal of Modern History, 56, 1(March 1984), p. 44.Google Scholar
- Fascist and philo-Fascist journals attacked homosexuality and presented ‘scientific’ inquiries portraying homosexuals as ‘degenerate’. See Dario Petrosino, ‘Traditori della stirpe: il razzismo contro gli omossessuali nella stampa del fascismo’, in Alberto Burgio and Luciano Casali (eds), Studi sul razzismo Italiano (Bologna: Clueb, 1996), pp. 89–107; and Petrosino, ‘Come si costruisce uno stereotipo. La rappresentazione degli omosessuali nell’Italiano di Leo Longanesi (1926–1929)’, in Burgio (ed.), Nel nome della razza, pp. 503–14.Google Scholar
- This was named after its author, Alfredo Rocco (1875–1935), a nationalist who served as the regime’s justice minister (1925–32) and authored its public security and criminal codes.Google Scholar
- Vincenzo Manzini, Trattato di diritto penale italiano secondo il codice del 1930, Vol. VII (Turin: Unione tipografico-editrice torinese, 1936), p. 252.Google Scholar
- Art. 528, Progetto preliminare di un nuovo codice penale, Vol. 1 (Rome: Tipografia delle Mantellate, 1927), p. 206.Google Scholar
- Lavori Preparatori del Codice Penale e del Codice di Procedura Penale, Vol. IV, part I (Rome: Tipografia delle Mantellate, 1927–30), pp. 407–8.Google Scholar
- Homosexuality was not a crime under the Zanardelli Code (1889); see Dall’Orto, ‘Tolleranza repressiva’, pp. 36–9.Google Scholar
- Lavori Preparatori, IV, IV, p. 377. See also Bruno P. F. Wanrooij, ‘Italy: Sexuality, Morality, and Public Authority’, in Frank X. Eder, Lesley A. Hall and Gert Hekma (eds), Sexual Cultures in Europe: National Histories (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1999), p. 34.Google Scholar
- The files of the confinati comuni, though not entirely available to scholars, attest to this. See Goretti, ‘II periodo fascista e gli omosessuali’, p. 72. See also Prefect of Potenza Ottavio Dinale’s report to the Ministry of the Interior, 28 December 1929, in Archivio Centrale dello Stato, Ministero dell’Interno, Direzione Generale della Pubblica Sicurezza, Ufficio Confino Politico (hereafter ACS, MI, DGPS, UCP), busta 11, fasc. 710–14, sottofasc. C/comune.Google Scholar
- There were officially ten cases of confino politico for ‘pederasty’ from 1926 to 1937, and 67 between 1938 and 1941 (Goretti, ‘II periodo fascista e gliomosessuali’, p. 71). I have also found cases where ‘pederasty’ played a role in a confino politico sentence but was not noted as the official motive.Google Scholar
- See ‘ammonizione’, in Enciclopedia dell’antifascismo e della resistenza, Vol. 1 (Milan: La Pietra, 1968), pp. 61–2.Google Scholar
- See the confino proposal of the Questore of Salerno to the Prefect of Salerno, President of the Commission for police measures, 24 July 1939, in ACS, confinati politici, busta 878, ‘R.D.’.Google Scholar
- See Prefect of Florence to Ministry of the Interior, ‘Oggetto: Prevenzione e repressione della pederastia — provvedimenti di Polizia’, 16 August 1939, in ACS, confinati politici, busta 83, ‘B.G.’.Google Scholar
- See Guido Neppi Modona, ‘Carcere e societa civile’, in Storia d’Italia, Vol. 5/2: I docurnenti (Turin: Einaudi, 1973), pp. 1901–98.Google Scholar
- See Giovanna Tosatti, ‘L’anagrafe dei sovversivi italiani: origini e storia del Casellario politico centrale’, Le Carte e la storia, 3, 2 (1997), pp. 133–50.Google Scholar
- Annual data taken from Bollettino della Scuola Superiore di polizia e dei servizi tecnici annessi (Rome: Ministero dell’Interno, Direzione Generale della Pubblica Sicurezza, 1927–39), fasc. 17 (1927), p. 121; fasc. 18 (1928), p. 103; fasc. 19–20 (1929–30), pp. 99, 107; fasc. 21 (1931), p. 114; fasc. 22–3 (1932–3), pp. 106, 114; fasc. 24–6 (1934–6), pp. 30, 36; fasc. 27–9 (1937–9), pp. 27, 33.Google Scholar
- See Rudiger Lautman, ‘The Pink Triangle: Homosexuals as “Enemies of the State” ’, in Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck (eds), The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Re-examined (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998), p. 353; and George Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modem Europe (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988).Google Scholar
- Benito Mussolini, Opera omnia, edited by Edoardo and Duilio Susmel, Vol. XXII (Florence: La Fenice, 1957), p. 365. On Fascist demographic policies, see Carl Ipsen, Dictating Demography: The Problem of Population in Fascist Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).Google Scholar
- See Victoria de Grazia, How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922–1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992).Google Scholar
- Twenty men were investigated in 1936; one was 17, one 49 and the rest were in their twenties and thirties. Thirty men investigated in 1937 ranged in age from 18 to 65, with most in their twenties and thirties. See Questore of Florence (Modesti) to ‘Provincial Commission for police measures, Oggetto … pederasti’, 18 December 1936, in ACS, confinati politici, busta 8, ‘A.E.’; and Questore of Florence (Dadduzio) to Provincial Commission for Police Measures, ‘Prevenzione e repressione della pederastia. Adozione di provvedimenti di polizia’, 10 February 1938, in ACS, confinati politici, busta 117, ‘B.G.’.Google Scholar
- See Questore of Florence (Modesti) to Provincial Commission for police measures, ‘Oggetto … pederasti’, 18 December 1936, in ACS, confinati politici, busta 8,Google Scholar
- Questore of Florence (Dadduzio) to Provincial Commission for police measures, ‘Prevenzione … pederastia’, 10 February 1938, in ACS, confinati politici, busta 117, ‘B.G.’.Google Scholar
- Document included in files of all homosexuals condemned to confino from Catania; for example, Questore of Catania (A. Molina) to Prefect of Catania (President of the Provincial Commission for the Assignment of Confino di Polizia), 29 March 1939, in ACS, confinati politici, busta 247, ‘C.G.’.Google Scholar
- Questore of Catania (A. Molina) to Prefect of Catania (President of the Provincial Commission for the Assignment of Confino di Polizia), January 1939, pp. 2–3, in ACS, confinati politici, busta 1009,Google Scholar